The UN World Meteorological Organization (WMO) warned Oct. 27 that atmospheric levels of carbon dioxide (CO2) and other greenhouse gases reached record highs in 2025—another portent of global warming, which increases the frequency of extreme weather events and associated risks to societies and economies.

Amnesty International on Oct. 13 stated that Iran's execution of five individuals in one week was based on unfair trials, and called on the international community to respond. Between Sept. 30 and Oct. 5, Iran executed five men—Majid Nikandish, Ali Hemmati Sistanian, Siavash Jamshidi Kheirabadi, Alireza Raisi and Alireza Sepahi—convicted in connection with anti-government protests, prompting renewed scrutiny from human rights organizations over the use of capital punishment in protest-related cases.

Human Rights Watch on Oct. 14 reported that at least 31 people have been executed in Libya after unjust military trials since late August. Bassam Khawaja, HRW's deputy Middle East and North Africa director, decried the executions, saying:

US Secretary of State Marco Rubio placed full sanctions on the International Criminal Court (ICC) on Oct. 9 in response to investigations into potential war crimes committed by US and Israel.

The International Criminal Court (ICC) on Oct. 5 unsealed four arrest warrants against senior Taliban figures, accusing them of persecuting women and girls in Afghanistan, acts that the Court's prosecutors say constitute crimes against humanity.

Amnesty International on Sept. 29 condemned the Malian armed forces and its partners from the Russian private military company Wagner Group for perpetration of war crimes, including the murder and torture of civilians.

Amnesty International called Sept. 24 for the abolition of US Immigration & Customs Enforcement (ICE), in a report documenting widespread human rights violations in federal immigration enforcement operations.

Tuvalu Prime Minister Feleti Teo addressed the United Nations General Assembly on Sept. 25, urging decisive global action to mitigate sea-level rise and welcoming the UN's approval of the Declaration on Sea-Level Rise.