Exercising a form of injunction reserved for exceptionally serious cases, the European Court of Human Rights (ECHR [5]) has instructed Russia to halt efforts to shutter Memorial International and its subsidiary organization, the Court announced Dec. 29. The move follows two high-profile decisions by Russian courts this week to dissolve respected non-governmental organizations that were created to shed light on the victims of historical and contemporary political repression in the country.
On Dec. 28, the Russian Supreme Court ordered [10] the liquidation of Memorial International [11], an organization that documents the crimes of the Soviet regime. The next day, the Moscow City Court ordered the closure of its subsidiary organization, the Memorial Human Rights Center [7], which focuses on claims of political persecution in present-day Russia. "Moscow City Court Judge Mikhail Kazakov...ruled in favor of Moscow prosecutors, ordering the liquidation of the Memorial Human Rights Center," the organization said in a statement [12], adding that it plans to appeal the judgment.
Both decisions were based on the country's controversial [13] "foreign agent" law, which has in the past been used to pressure NGOs in the country—an issue brought to the fore in the ECHR complaint Ecodefence and others v. Russia [14], a case concerning one of Russia's oldest environmental groups [15], which is currently pending, and to which the two Memorial organizations are parties.
In the aftermath of these decisions, Memorial International and the Memorial Human Rights Center appealed to the Strasbourg-based ECHR to apply an interim measure preventing the dissolution orders from taking immediate effect. The ECHR has jurisdiction over Russia by virtue of the country’s 1998 ratification [16] of the European Convention on Human Rights [17]. The Court adjudicates cases between individual claimants and member states when the former accuse the latter of having violated their fundamental rights.
The procedural rules of the ECHR state that it can demand that parties to a pending action enact interim measures aimed at protecting rights or safeguarding procedural conduct. Court documents [18] note that interim measures can only be enacted in cases "when the applicant would otherwise face a real risk of serious and irreversible harm."
The ECHR agreed to impose interim measures in response to the NGOs' requests in this case, stating [19] that it had "decided to indicate to the Government of Russia...that...the enforcement of decisions to dissolve the applicant organizations should be suspended for a period that would be necessary for the Court to consider" the pending complaints. The Court warned that failure by Russia to comply with interim measures would place it in breach of its duties under the European Convention of Human Rights.
Memorial International was established in the twilight of the Soviet period to shed light on the victims of summary executions, gulags, famine and other atrocities of the era. Due to a combination of various factors, including archival access issues, poor record-keeping, and differing definitions of victim groups, historians have yet to reach a consensus on the number of casualties brought about by Soviet policies, but even the more charitable estimates are in the millions. Memorial International has played a key role [20] in shining a light not only on the vast scale of these atrocities, but on the individuals whose lives were lost or forever altered by them. Memorial Human Rights Center focuses a lens on political repression in modern Russia by maintaining comprehensive lists [21] of individuals it defines as political prisoners.
These organizations have been targeted against the backdrop of surging popular sentiment toward Soviet leader Josef Stalin [22]. Respected independent pollster the Levada Center revealed earlier this year that some 56% of Russians now view Stalin as a "great leader [23]," despite his legacy of political purges [24] and other atrocities [25].
From Jurist [26], Dec. 30. Used with permission.
Note: We have been following the human rights crackdown in Russia here [27].
See more on Ecodefense [28] and its activities here [29].
